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The Calm Company

01.06.17 // Medicine, Miscellany

Amidst desires for simultaneous growth, quality, profit, and patient satisfaction, the delivery of healthcare has gotten more…complicated. But the disconnect between the powers that be and the providers who actually work on the ground has turned work for big hospitals and institutions into something increasingly more like working for a big widget factory.

Spurred by rising costs, healthcare in the US has felt the need to “catch up” with the “best” business practices. Have more meetings. Look at more processes. More management. More managers for the managers we just hired.

A few bits from the intro to the forthcoming book, The Calm Company, on Signal v. Noise, the blog from 37Signals (the company behind the team management software Basecamp):

Work claws away at life. Life has become work’s leftovers. The doggy bag. The remnants. The scraps.

You’d think with all the hours people are putting in, and all the promises of tech’s flavor of the month, the load would be lessening. It’s not. It’s getting heavier.

Technology has been used to add capacity, not to improve workflow. As an example, MyChart is a great tool that allows patients to communicate with clinics and providers without calling repeatedly or making an appointment just for a routine refill or to answer a simple question. But you don’t get paid to answer MyChart messages. They’re added on to your workload. The more you’re willing to meet patients where they are and do things on MyChart, the more unpaid work you do and the more time and energy you lose. That’s a system flaw. This is part of why the average physician spends 1-2 hours at home charting daily. More uncompensated time.

Crazy companies all tend to be especially great at one thing: wasting. Wasting time, attention, money, energy.

The answer isn’t more hours, it’s less bullshit. Less waste, not more production. And far fewer things that induce distraction, always-on anxiety, and stress.

I am routinely impressed at how good healthcare systems are at wasting dollars to save cents. Skimping on cheap patient transporters so that highly paid specialists sit around waiting for the next case to start and then run overtime. Understaffing clinic nurses and MAs, leaving the physicians to deal with more phone triage and data entry. The money in some cases comes from different pots, which sometimes allows departments to seem more profitable or efficient than they really are.

Hospitals make changes like real enterprises do but mostly without the critical reflection to see if process improvements are actually improvements. We tokenize quality through small projects to avoid dealing with foundational infrastructural failures—because those are actually hard.

On-demand is for movies, TV shows, and podcasts, not for you. Your time isn’t an episode recalled when someone wants it at 10pm on a Saturday night, or every few minutes in the collection of conveyor belt chat room conversations you’re supposed to be following all day long.

Employer verification: the lynchpin of PSLF

12.30.16 // Finance

The week of Christmas, the NYTimes published a story about people who anticipated their loans being forgiven this year with PSLF and are now in the midst of a legal battle instead.

The suit, filed in United States District Court for the District of Columbia, says some borrowers received approval on their certification forms, then, years later, the entity servicing their loans reversed course, effectively ousting them from the program.

It did so retroactively, meaning that none of the previous loan payments counted toward the 120 payments needed to qualify for forgiveness. So if the borrowers took a job that qualified, they would have to start again with accumulating the payments.

The silver lining is that—though not 100% clear from the article—it appears these denials were all for jobs that were not 501(c)(3) non-profits. They were for other non-501(c)(3) non-profit jobs, which only count toward PSLF when they provide certain types of qualifying public services and are approved on a case by case basis. I have no doubt there are doctors who are planning on PSLF that will find themselves shocked and disappointed by technicalities, but so far there’s no evidence that the usual employment catchalls (government or 501(c)(3) organizations) for PSLF will be spontaneously denied.

These are eligibility criteria for PSLF-eligible employers:

  • Government organizations at any level (federal, state, local, or tribal)
  • Not-for-profit organizations that are tax-exempt under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code
  • Other types of not-for-profit organizations that provide certain types of qualifying public services and must not be a business organized for profit, a labor union, a partisan political organization, or an organization engaged in religious activities.

Qualifying public services include:

  • Emergency management
  • Military service
  • Public safety
  • Law enforcement
  • Public interest law services
  • Early childhood education (including licensed or regulated health care, Head Start, and State-funded pre-kindergarten)
  • Public service for individuals with disabilities and the elderly
  • Public health (including nurses, nurse practitioners, nurses in a clinical setting, and full-time professionals engaged in health care practitioner occupations and health care support occupations, as such terms are defined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics)
  • Public education
  • Public library services
  • School library or other school-based services

So, it is the private nonprofits offering “qualifying” services that are the category at greatest risk for being denied. If your job isn’t a 501(c)(3) but “should” qualify, submit your employment verification forms annually to prevent wasting your time and money planning for forgiveness that may forever remain out of reach.

What I read in 2016

12.26.16 // Reading

The little one is a bit older and I had marginally less call this year, but I also had to take the boards in June, so reading time definitely benefitted from the flexibility of ebooks on the phone and the magical powers of Audible. Overall, it was a better reading year than 2015.

  1. The Etymologicon by Mark Forsyth (fun language romp)
  2. Stoner by John Williams (quiet, understated, lovely)
  3. The Buddha Walks into a Bar by Lodro Rinzler
  4. The Fault in Our Stars by John Green (of course I cried)
  5. Corsair by James L. Cambias
  6. The Sixth Extinction by Elizabeth Kolbert (Pulitzer winner)
  7. The Rolling Stones by Robert A. Heinlein (1970s sci-fi, not the band)
  8. The Bogleheads Guide to Investing by Mel Lindauer, Taylor Larimore, and Michael LeBoeuf
  9. Water for Elephants by Sara Gruen
  10. The Terrible and Wonderful Reasons Why I Run Long Distances by The Oatmeal
  11. Calamity by Brandon Sanderson (The Reckoners #3)
  12. Medical School 2.0 by David Larson
  13. Pay Yourself First by David Hurd and James Hemphill
  14. Changing Outcomes by David Hurd and James Hemphill
  15. The Cartel by Don Winslow (incredibly gruesome but so good)
  16. Physician Finance by KM Awad
  17. A Doctor’s Basic Business Handbook by Brandon Bushnell
  18. The Year They Tried to Kill Me by Salvatore Iaquinta (to me, the new House of God)
  19. So You Got Into Medical School…Now What? By Daniel Paull
  20. Why Medicine? By Sujay Kusagra
  21. Broadcasting Happiness by Michelle Gielan
  22. Bream Gives Me Hiccups by Jesse Eisenberg
  23. The Alloy of Law by Brandon Sanderson (Wax & Wayne #1)
  24. A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens
  25. Dimension of Miracles by Robert Sheckley (audiobook perfectly narrated by John Hodgman)
  26. The Beautiful Struggle by Ta-Nehisi Coates
  27. My Year of Running Dangerously by Tom Foreman
  28. What They Don’t Teach You at Medical School by Dr. David Kashmer (still feel like that’s the wrong preposition in the title…)
  29. What if? by Randall Munroe
  30. Shadows of Self by Brandon Sanderson (Wax & Wayne #2)
  31. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair (so depressing)
  32. A Little History of Philosophy by Nigel Warburton (this was surprisingly fun)
  33. The Earth Moved by Amy Stewart (apparently earthworms are really important)
  34. Drinking Water by James Salzman (really wanted this to be like Kurlansky’s Salt or Cod, but it wasn’t anywhere near as good)
  35. The Ocean at the End of the Lane by Neil Gaiman
  36. The Marshmallow Test by Walter Mischel
  37. Diet Cults by Matt Fitzgerald
  38. The Hunt for Vulcan by Thomas Levenson (long before we demoted Pluto, we used to think there was a hidden planet Vulcan. Weird!)
  39. Rejection Proof by Jia Jiang
  40. The House of Wigs by Joshua Allen
  41. The Bands of Mourning by Brandon Sanderson (Wax & Wayne #3)
  42. The Emperor of Maladies by Siddhartha Mukherjee (well-deserved Pulitzer winner)
  43. Bricking It by Nick Spalding
  44. The Gene by Siddhartha Mukherjee (between the two, Emperor is better)
  45. Harry Potter and the Cursed Child by J. K. Rowling
  46. The Element by Ken Robinson
  47. The Thirteen Word Retirement Plan by Stephen Nelson
  48. Student Loan Debt 101 by Adam Minsky
  49. The 4 Percent Universe by Richard Panek
  50. Simple Sabotage by Robert M. Galford, Bob Frisch, and Cary Greene (the pdf of the CIA’s declassified original field manual that inspired it is better).
  51. As You Wish by Cary Elwes
  52. Mistborn: Secret History by Brandon Sanderson
  53. The Emperor’s Soul by Brandon Sanderson (Huge winner, great novella)
  54. The Medical Entrepreneur by Steven M. Hacker
  55. Breakfast of Champions by Kurt Vonnegut
  56. Born Standing Up by Steve Martin
  57. The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho (just lovely)
  58. Words of Radiance (Stormlight Archive #2) by Brandon Sanderson
  59. The Wealth of Humans by Ryan Avent (smart writing about technological innovation and societal change)
  60. TED Talks by Chris Anderson
  61. Medium Raw by Anthony Bordain
  62. Animal Farm by George Orwell
  63. Born a Crime by Trevor Noah (was really great as an audiobook)
  64. How to Think About Money by Jonathan Clements
  65. When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi
  66. Ready Player One by Earnest Cline (fun homage to classic video games and 80s culture masquerading as a novel)
  67. The Rest of Us Just Live Here by Patrick Ness

Classics I visited included a Tale of Two Cities, The Jungle, and Animal Farm, which were all super depressing. I continue to wonder why I read any of the pop-psych/inspirational/self-help type books given that they are all approximately the same and should nearly always be an essay or two and not drawn out to book length. I also read a bunch of short finance, med student, and doctor books for research/blog purposes, which were almost all meh.

On the fun side, I did catch up on most of Brandon Sanderson’s books while waiting for Patrick Rothfuss and George RR Martin to finish their next books. Now I have to wait for Sanderson’s third Stormlight book as well, which won’t come out for another year (and the last book in Mistborn Era 2 is like two years away).

Did love The Alchemist though. Just a beautiful, lovely little story. And every doctor should read The Emperor of Maladies.

Study shows women are still better at everything

12.20.16 // Medicine

Yesterday in JAMA:

We found that elderly patients receiving inpatient care from female internists had 30-day lower mortality and readmission rates compared with patients cared for by male internists. This association was consistent across a variety of conditions and across patients’ severity of illness. Taken together with previous evidence suggesting that male and female physicians may practice differently, our findings indicate that potential differences in practice patterns between male and female physicians may have important clinical implications for patient outcomes.

and

Furthermore, given that there are more than 10 million Medicare hospitalizations due to medical conditions in the United States annually and assuming that the association between sex and mortality is causal, we estimate that approximately 32 000 fewer patients would die if male physicians could achieve the same outcomes as female physicians every year.

Confirmation bias aside, this general finding does ring true to me.

Reading a bit deeper, though, one physician characteristic that was underplayed was that female physicians saw fewer patients overall (i.e. more were part-time). This might function as a proxy for burnout and its associated poor patient care outcomes. Something to consider for the men who are already in medicine and dragging it down.

When breath becomes air

12.12.16 // Medicine, Miscellany

I actually posted this excerpt once before, but I just finished Paul Kalanithi’s When Breath Becomes Air and was moved anew by his missive to his infant daughter:

When you come to one of the many moments in life when you must give an account of yourself, provide a ledger of what you have been, and done, and meant to the world, do not, I pray, discount that you filled a dying man’s days with a sated joy, a joy unknown to me in all my prior years, a joy that does not hunger for more and more, but rests, satisfied. In this time, right now, that is an enormous thing.

Earlier in the book, in conversations with his oncologist about coming to terms with how to spend his life with cancer, this entreaty comes up multiple times:

Find your values.

In his moving memoir (which doesn’t at all belittle fields like radiology), Kalanithi softly and compellingly argues that this is the key to how you live like you were dying.

What to look for in a radiology residency program (independent call)

12.08.16 // Medicine, Radiology

Let’s start with all the things that you should look for in a radiology program except the one that I’ve alluded to in the title. Many of these features are broadly generalizable and largely not unique to Radiology, and no one needs to tell you that they’re important. (more…)

How to Study for the ABPN Psychiatry Boards

12.05.16 // Medicine

About the Exam

The ABPN psychiatry exam is a marathon day-long computerized multiple-choice exam offered once a year with two dates in September. You can apply as early as November but the deadline is February (current dates here) through the “folio” website. You won’t schedule the actual exam until scheduling is opened, usually around 2 months before the exam dates. Results take around 8-10 weeks. In 2016, scores were released on November 30 (so 10 weeks).

Eligibility (see the info document):

  • Graduate from a legit medical school
  • Have a full medical license
  • Finish residency (or be a senior on track to finish it before taking the test)
  • Complete 3 Clinical Skills Evaluations (CSE)

Costs:

  • $700 application fee when you register to tell them you’re ready
  • $1685 examination fee when you schedule the exam with Pearson VUE.

You have 7 years after finishing your ACGME residency to pass the ABPN to become board certified. So you have plenty of tries if things go south (subsequent tries “only” cost the $1685 exam fee).

Exam & Content

You get 50 minutes of break time that you can take between sections. Any breaks you take past the 50 minutes are permitted, but they then eat into your actual test time, which is 8.5 hours.

8 sections are split between Part A+B or Part C questions:

  • 110 questions in Part A (Basic Concepts in Psychiatry)
  • 110 questions in Part B (Neurology and Neurosciences)
  • 230 questions in Part C (Clinical Psychiatry).

screen-shot-2016-11-05-at-1-43-50-pm

So 8 sections of 50-65 questions each for a total of 450 questions over 510 minutes. About 20% is neurology/neuroscience. Tack on a 5-minute intro and 5-minute post-test survey and 50 minutes break time, and the whole day can take up to 9.5 hours. 4 sections are vignette based and 4 sections are pure stand-alone questions (from the format and scoring document):

Stand-alone questions are one-best-answer multiple-choice questions that are not associated with any other questions. Part A and Part B questions are all stand-alone questions. For vignette questions, there are typically two to ten multiple-choice questions linked to a common case that may be presented in a video clip, which may vary in length from one to four minutes, an audio clip, or in a text vignette.

The ABPN does provide one sample video vignette to whet your appetite.

Historically, each Part was graded separately and needed to be passed. Now the test is graded in aggregate; it’s no longer possible to fail a single section and thus fail the exam. In 2016, a 71% correct overall was the passing threshold.

And everything is now DSM-V (from the policy document):

Starting in 2017, all specifications and content of all ABPN computer-delivered examinations will be based solely on DSM-5. No DSM-IV-TM classifications and diagnostic criteria will be applicable.

Board Books

  • Psychiatry Test Preparation and Review Manual (“Kenny and Spiegel”) is the favorite overall. It was updated to DSM-V in 2016 and includes 1100 questions (6 tests of 150 questions + 160 case vignette questions). The book does come with online qbank-style access, which is cool and can give you topic-performance feedback as well as access to 8 video vignettes.
  • Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Update & Board Preparation, which is a review book coupled with ~400 questions. Succinct material coverage but not updated to DSV-V yet.
  • Kaplan & Sadock’s Study Guide and Self-Examination Review in Psychiatry, also not updated to DSM-V yet.

Question Banks

Board Vitals

The most popular question bank for the ABPN is Board Vitals (which also has question banks for other specialties as well). This resource is definitely not error-free, and some users feel that it contains too much esoterica, but it’s still widely used. It’s $139 for a month. Using the code BW10 at checkout also gets you 10% off.

Overall, questions represent the board style pretty well, and the product is a good size (1639 questions). BV was completely updated to DSM-V in 2017. A lot of the “neuro” questions are actually psychiatry, so the neuro coverage is less than you’d guess from when you first log in. As an exclusively web-based product, there is no off-line access. You also need to hit the “show explanation” button to see the explanation for a question, which gets tiring after a while.

There is also a new optional 250 question package (actually 257) based on video vignettes available as an add-on (another $139/month), which is pricey but basically the only a la carte source for this question format currently.

TrueLearn

A new player is TrueLearn, which has products for both the PRITE and the ABPN ($25 off with that link). Questions overall feel harder and have a more basic science/med school type feel than those found in the other resources. The interface is a little more cluttered, but the software is overall solid: you can cross out answer choices and there’s also a “bottom line” summary statement, which is helpful.

Ultimately, TrueLearn is a reasonable second online question source after Board Vitals but overall probably not quite as high-yield yet. Overall, a couple of question sources are likely to be sufficient, so after Kenny & Spiegel and Board Vitals +/- more neuro review depending on your background, most test-takers are probably done question-wise.

Rosh Review

Rosh Review is the third of the big three online qbanks, and they offer a Pass Guarantee. 10% off their certification, child and adolescent, and PRITE products with code RoshPsych10.

Beat the Boards

Is a $1,097 online lecture course with a ~1000 questions and ~50 vignettes. We reached out to them to provide access for this review and were totally ignored. This is really expensive and ultimately unnecessary to pass.

Book round-out:

  • Kaufman’s Clinical Neurology for Psychiatrists may be too long to read cover to cover during a limited post-work board review, but it also contains 2000 questions (extras are online) to help round out your neurology review.
  • Psychiatry Board Review: Pearls of Wisdom is a change of pace written in a concise Q&A format which was useful as an adjunct, but it’s now a bit out of date and was neither as consistent nor as thorough as the other review books. It does contain a lot of high yield facts organized in a quick-read manner but is crying out for a DSM-V update.
  • Unlike for Step 1, First Aid for the Psychiatry Boards isn’t the strongest source for psychiatry review and can be ignored. It purportedly does a passable job for neurology but remains a safe pass unless you just need to have another book.

Thanks to my awesome wife (the esteemed psychiatrist) for help in writing this post.

Obama thinks about the future

12.04.16 // Miscellany

The New Yorker has a fascinating article about Obama dealing with the fact that Trump won. It’s eminently quotable, but I particularly liked his brief discussion on the futility of trying to “bring back” lost industry through protectionism:

The prescription that some offer, which is stop trade, reduce global integration, I don’t think is going to work,” he went on. “If that’s not going to work, then we’re going to have to redesign the social compact in some fairly fundamental ways over the next twenty years. And I know how to build a bridge to that new social compact. It begins with all the things we’ve talked about in the past—early-childhood education, continuous learning, job training, a basic social safety net, expanding the earned-income tax credit, investments in infrastructure—which, by definition, aren’t shipped overseas. All of those things accelerate growth, give you more of a runway. But at some point, when the problem is not just Uber but driverless Uber, when radiologists are losing their jobs to A.I., then we’re going to have to figure out how do we maintain a cohesive society and a cohesive democracy in which productivity and wealth generation are not automatically linked to how many hours you put in, where the links between production and distribution are broken, in some sense. Because I can sit in my office, do a bunch of stuff, send it out over the Internet, and suddenly I just made a couple of million bucks, and the person who’s looking after my kid while I’m doing that has no leverage to get paid more than ten bucks an hour.

I recently read The Wealth of Humans, in which Economist writer Ryan Avent presents an engaging argument about how things have and are likely to change with increasing automation. I think people are generally pretty quick to believe that robots will eventually replace everything but have nonetheless been far less inclined to think about what that will actually mean. For the economy, for humans, for society as a whole.


  1. General Tso was a real general
  2. His chicken was a dish actually created by a Taiwanese chef and isn’t a bastardized American creation.

Chef Peng Chang-kuei, the inventor of General Tso’s chicken, just passed away at the age of 98.

// 12.03.16

Best Books for Elective Rotations and Sub-internships

11.10.16 // Medicine

First, my book recommendations for the core third-year clerkships can be found here. What follows are “best” book recommendations geared for MS3/MS4 elective rotations and sub-internships (“sub-i’s”), including most of the surgical and medical subspecialties. Some of these books are geared for medical students; others more for residents. I’ve done my best to include both when appropriate, including a first buy single resource when possible and alternates and options for further reading when necessary. For more info about methodology, feel free to peruse this.

Let me preface this list by saying that a typical student on a normal rotation in a field outside their main interest does not need to buy anything. Even in a field of interest, many (most?) students will simply wait to buy books until they have a book fund during residency and will nonetheless succeed. No one has a monopoly on medicine and medical knowledge; in this new era of medicine, you don’t need to buy anything simply for your education if there isn’t an important test at the end of it.

As a general rule, you will rarely go wrong reading UpToDate for your typical brownie point efforts (particularly in non-surgical fields). As a matter of gamesmanship, you of course never say, “UpToDate says,” you merely state the information as a fact, occasionally referencing “reading” you did or “studies have shown.” It works well to click on the link to the footnote on anything you feel might net you a gold star, click on the reference, then browse the abstract. Then you could say, “a big RCT in Sweden demonstrated…” and if anyone pushes you on details you didn’t glean from the abstract, you simply say, “good question – I don’t recall – I’ll need to go back and look further.”

It should also be said: your success on your rotations has much more to do with how you function as a human being than how many facts you know.

 

(more…)

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